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Usually GDM tries to calculate the scaling factor by itself, but it doesn't always work well.
Open a schema from glib-2:

sudo vim /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/org.gnome.desktop.interface.gschema.xml

Find the following segment of code:

<key name="scaling-factor" type="u">
<default>0</default>

and replace the value of <default> with 2 (or 3, or 4 - whatever is to your liking). 0 will make GDM try to set scaling-factor automatically.

Save and quit the file. Then run the following command:

sudo glib-compile-schemas /usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas

Done! Now log out and verify that the scaling has changed.